Agricultural productivity in the southwestern part of Nigeria has experienced limitations during the dry seasons due to heavy dependence of the farmers on rainfall, fluctuating surface water and rainfall unpredictability due to climate change. Therefore, the need to explore alternative water sources for all-year-round agriculture becomes highly imperative. This study was conducted to assess the groundwater potential of Ajegunle farm settlement in Ogun State, as well as Akufo and Eruwa farm settlements in Oyo State. Two-dimensional (2-D) Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data were collected using pole-dipole and dipole-dipole arrays for a combination of deep probing and high resolution. A total of six ERT profiles were acquired within each settlement using an 8-channel SuperSting R8 resistivity/IP meter attached to 84 stainless steel electrodes via multi-core cables, powered by a 12V battery. The acquired data were processed using the EarthImager 2-D and 3-D software. Three of the 2-D profiles acquired parallel at 20 m apart were combined to produce a 3-D profile for each of the farm settlements. Generally, the resistivity obtained ranged from 1 to 10000 Ωm, revealing the subsurface to be composed mainly of sandy clay/clayey sand, weathered/fractured basement, and fresh basement, with good groundwater potential zones. Development of the groundwater resource in these farm settlements will greatly enhance mitigation against climate change as well as adaptation to its effects while improving all-year-round agricultural productivity of the settlers, who are predominantly farmers.

Geophysical and hydro-chemical investigations were carried out in parts of Tantua-Amassoma within Bayelsa State of Nigeria. The investigations were aimed at ascertaining sites where boreholes will produce potable water. The SAS 1000 ABEM Terrameter model was used as to acquire geo-electrical resistivity which were analyzed and geo-electrically modelled using IPI2WIN software. the field data and the IPI2WIN software was used to provide the model parameter for each VES point. Trace element content (Pb, Cu, Zn. Fe. Mn and Co) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Top layer resistivity ranges from 0.529 – 535 Ωm. Top layer resistivity values less than 10 Ωm probably represent clayey sand with saline water, top layer with resistivity value about 500 probably represent clayey sand. From the result obtained; Vertical varying succession of high and low resistive geoelectric layer which indicates sandy formation with intercalation of clay bodies; High Cobalt (Co) concentration of 0.35925mg/l for sample 2, predicting harmfulness of the water when compared to World Health Organization (W.H.O) allowable permissible limit standard, from Defense Industries Corporation chemical laboratory in Kaduna. The work suggested further studies and research work that can lead to sustainable exploitation/use and management of groundwater resources in study location.

Goronyo Dam is located across the Rima River at Goronyo (Latitude 13° 25' 56''E) in the Iullemmeden basin of Sokoto state, Northwest Nigeria. It has a storage capacity of 942 million cubic metres, mainly for water supply and irrigation to Sokoto and Birnin Kebbi states with population of over 8.5 million people. Recently, the water level in the dam has been reported to have depleted by 90% of its installed capacity, the worst since the construction of the dam over 30 years ago. Climate change with the shortage of rainfall in 2017 and the siltation of the dam has been attributed to this serious water level depletion. This has resulted to inadequate water supply to the Water Board that depends on water from the dam for water supply, irrigation, and other uses. The impact of the water shortage due to this climate change include dislocation of the socioeconomic life of the people, families and livestock will be compelled to migrate thereby igniting socio tension and poor personal and communal hygiene with consequences of epidemics like cholera and dysentery etc. Construction of tube wells and effective management of water has been recommended to provide water supply to these communities until the rainfall situation improves.

Hydrogeochemical investigation in Zing and its Environs, North-Eastern Nigeria, aimed at determining groundwater quality characteristics has been carried out. Geological mapping was accompanied by sampling of 19 rocks out of which 12 representative samples of the rock were analysed for elemental and mineralogical composition using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. Similarly, 28 groundwater samples were collected and analysed for their physicochemical parameters using standard water analysis methods. The study suggests that the area is underlain by granites, granodiorites, gneisses, and pegmatites comprising of heavy and light elements and minerals species such as quartz, albites, microcline, and biotite as major minerals. All measured chemical ions in the groundwater samples except Cl-, F-, Fe+2, Zn+2, Cr+3 and Pb+2 are within national and international permissible limits. Ca+2 and HCO3 - are the dominant ions. The hydrogeochemical facies infer four classifications with 71.4% characterized as Ca2+- Mg2+- HCO3 - , 14.3% as Na+- K+- HCO3 - while others are of Na+- K+- Cl- SO4 2- and Ca2+-Mg2+- Cl--SO4 2-facies. The hydrogeochemical processes and reactions within the aquifer materials influencing groundwater chemistry and concentration of chemical ions in the study area were identified as rock-water interaction and a combination of evaporation and precipitation, reverse ion exchange, ion exchange and simple dissolution or mixing.