Groundwater exploration within Basement Complexes requires integrated geophysical approaches due to its complex geological formation as aquifer are concentrated within fractured and weathered Basement zones. This study focuses on the investigation of subsurface structures and identify groundwater-bearing formations by employing Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) (2D imaging) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) approaches. The results from the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), indicates that the aquifer occur at a shallow and deeper depth between the depth of 22.6m and 50-100 m. Majority of the area lacks geological structures that could serve as groundwater accumulation. This coincide with VES result in which the aquifer is primarily influenced by weathered Basement rocks. Though, few of the area are majorly of fractured basement aquifer. VES result revealed 4-5 geoelectric layers. The top soil/lateritic clay has resistivity and thickness ranging from 16.5-308.9 ? m and 0.2- 22.5 m. The confining and fairly weathered Basement have resistivity and thickness of 168.9-3848.4 ? m and 5.9-47.4 m. The weathered/fractured basement aquifer has resistivity and thickness ranging from 9.7-1985.5 ? m and 2.3-62.2 m. The fresh/hard Basement rocks have resistivity between 750.1-20283.4? m. The curve types are KH, HK, and HA curve type indicating variation in groundwater and Basement geometry. The aquifers resistivity and thickness revealed that the groundwater within the area is of poor-moderate-high groundwater potential zones which can be easily polluted. This study provides critical insights into the hydrogeological conditions of the area, offering valuable data for groundwater exploration, sustainable management, and the development of water resources in the region.

This project delineates groundwater potential zones in Kaiama, North-Central Nigeria, using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques. Eight critical thematic layers, including geomorphology, lineament density, geology, slope, land use land cover (LULC), drainage density, elevation, and aspect, were integrated using the AHP method. The process was integrated into the GIS environment to generate a comprehensive groundwater potential map. The groundwater potential map obtained was classified as very high, high, average, low, and very low groundwater potential zones. The result showed that 15 %, 6 %, 13 %, 21 %, and 44 % of the study area fall under a very high, high, average, low, and very low groundwater potential zone, respectively. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data from 20 locations across the study area were used to validate the accuracy of the delineated groundwater potential zones. The validation process employed Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, comparing the VES data with the generated groundwater potential map. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the model's predictive accuracy yielding a moderate value of 0.60. The findings from this research showed that the integration of GIS, Remote sensing (RS), and, the multi-criteria decision making approach (MCDA) based on (AHP) techniques provide a reasonable framework for groundwater potential delineation and exploration.

Hydrogeochemical investigation in Zing and its Environs, North-Eastern Nigeria, aimed at determining groundwater quality characteristics has been carried out. Geological mapping was accompanied by sampling of 19 rocks out of which 12 representative samples of the rock were analysed for elemental and mineralogical composition using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. Similarly, 28 groundwater samples were collected and analysed for their physicochemical parameters using standard water analysis methods. The study suggests that the area is underlain by granites, granodiorites, gneisses, and pegmatites comprising of heavy and light elements and minerals species such as quartz, albites, microcline, and biotite as major minerals. All measured chemical ions in the groundwater samples except Cl-, F-, Fe+2, Zn+2, Cr+3 and Pb+2 are within national and international permissible limits. Ca+2 and HCO3- are the dominant ions. The hydrogeochemical facies infer four classifications with 71.4% characterized as Ca2+- Mg2+- HCO3- , 14.3% as Na+- K+- HCO3- while others are of Na+- K+- Cl- SO42- and Ca2+-Mg2+- Cl--SO42-facies. The hydrogeochemical processes and reactions within the aquifer materials influencing groundwater chemistry and concentration of chemical ions in the study area were identified as rock-water interaction and a combination of evaporation and precipitation, reverse ion exchange, ion exchange and simple dissolution or mixing.

Geochemical characteristics of surface water and ground water in parts of Niger State, north-central Nigeria have been assessed in this study for the purpose of drinking. Five (5) surface water and twenty-five (25) groundwater samples were collected in pairs for analysis. Water pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids were measured in-situ using a handheld device (Hanna instruments; H198311). Analysis for major cations and selected heavy metals such as manganese (Mn2+), total iron (ΣFe), copper (Cu2+), zinc (Zn2+) and lead (Pb2+). The fast sequential Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) procedure was used to do this. Turbidimetric method was used to determine SO42-. Chloride was analysed by argentometric method; titrimetric method was used to determine phosphate (PO42-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) and nitrate (NO3-) was determined by cadmium method. Results of the study revealed that both surface and ground water are fresh. Surface water is soft in nature while ground water is soft and very hard in nature. Calcium and chloride are dominant ions among cations and anions respectively. The chemical composition and quality of both the surface and ground water in the area are satisfactory in respect to the parameters analysed except for a few water samples with anomalous pH covers about 90% of the samples, Ca2+ (GW16), Cl (GW4), PO42- (SW2, GW3, GW8), ΣFe (GW17, SW5), Pb2+ (SW1, GW3, SW4, GW5) and Rock-water interaction and precipitation were found to be the dominant processes affecting the chemistry of both surface and ground water in the area. This was further found to be influenced by simple dissolution or mixing and reverse ion exchange processes. Ca, Mg-Na, K- SO4 and Ca, Mg-SO4 are the dominant water types in the area. The water quality index (WQI) indicates excellent category that is suitable for drinking.